The cement production process, energy use and related CO 2 emissions are known from previous research (Usón et al., 2013, ... The highest energy consumers are wet kilns with 5900–6700 MJ/t clinker, and vertical shaft kilns, long dry kilns, dry rotary kilns with preheater and NSP kilns consume 5000, 4600, 3100 and 2900 MJ/t clinker ...