Intermetallics are a necessary evil in the metal-to-metal bonding world, which definitely includes soldering. There are two basic ways that metal will "chemically" bond to another metal: 1) solid solution 2) intermetallic. We will focus just on intermetallics for the moment as that is the most pertinent to the soldering world.

Specialty solders, such as indium alloys, offer advantages for gold soldering, step soldering and fatigue resistance. Indium/Lead Solders on Gold. Because they do not leach or dissolve gold as readily as tin/lead solders, indium/lead solders are recommended for soldering to gold. As seen in fig. 1, the phase diagrams of tin/gold shows that tin ...

Indium iodides have been known for more than a century. Indium iodide was synthesized for the first time by Meyer 1 in 1869 via the reaction of indium metal with iodine under CO 2 atmosphere six years after the discovery of indium by Reich and Richter. 2 The correct formula — triiodide InI 3 — was proposed once Mendeleev had assumed indium …

The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold @article{Broom1977TheDO, title={The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold}, author={Ronald F. Broom and Th. O. Mohr}, journal={Thin Solid Films}, year={1977}, volume={47}, pages={249-259} } R. Broom, T. Mohr; Published 15 December 1977; Materials Science; Thin Solid Films

The only case in which diffusion is more consistent is in Fig. S4(d), 43 which shows the diffusion of oxygen ions in β-Ga 2 O 3-O i. Despite Figs. S4(g) and S4(i) 43 plus Figs. S5(d), S5(f) and S5(i) 43 showed small disturbances in their MSDs of gallium and indium ions, they appear to stem from occasional displacements rather than a …

As a sequel to certain studies of ''fast diffusers'' in lead‐tin alloys, we have carried out a comparable program for lead‐indium alloys with silver, gold, and copper as mobile elements. It has been found that the addition of In greatly increased DAg up to 60 times, but made the electromigration parameter Z*a,Ag more negative and it eventually became …

Substitution of tin by indium results in small "left shift" and broadening of ν (A 1g ), and δ (F 2g) Raman modes show the increase of element–iodine bond length. Raman spectra of the In-doped Cs 2 SnI 6 differ also from the spectrum reported by Qui et al. for pure Cs 2 SnI 6 ( Qiu et al., 2017 ). FIGURE 2. Figure 2.

plated-through-hole soldering and solid state diffusion forms an AuSn 2 compound layer. Close-up and cross-sectional images with SEM/EDS compositional information are shown for each case. A table of solder and gold volumes, which produce 3.0 and 4.0 weight percent gold, is provided. The embrittlement problems and their

Their work deals with optimizing the kinetics of lithium ion diffusion and reaction in the anode, and it led to the identification of a lithium-indium anode that can support ultrafast charging (sometimes measured in seconds) and is primarily limited by other battery components. ... At this charge density, the measured C-rate was 1,440C, a …

Whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMRs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in the fields of electro-optic modulation and microwave to optical photon conversion. In this study, we have leveraged an electro-optic crystal, lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PIN-PMN-PT), to …

@article{osti_6546222, title = {Impurity diffusion and electromigration in lead-indium alloys and single crystal tin}, author = {Shi, J}, abstractNote = {As a sequel to certain studies of fast diffusers in lead-tin alloys, a comparable study was made for lead-indium alloys with silver, gold, and copper as mobile elements. It was found that the addition of In greatly …

We investigated diffusion of indium in p − and n + Si substrates and extracted its diffusion coefficient.We found that the contribution associated with neutral point defects dominates the diffusion. The latter coefficient is given by D=1.443 exp[−3.5645 (eV)/k B T] cm 2 /s which is almost the same as that of the intrinsic …

Smith [13] has investigated the depth of diffusion of indium coatings into lead, cadmium, copper, silver and certain alloys after prolonged heat treatments (500 h at 150 and 200 h at 120 ), and in all cases it was found that the concentration of indium at the surface remained relatively high even after extensive heat treatment, which thus ...

and lead-, indium- and tin-impregnated elec- trodes was measured in order to investigate the effect of the metal electrocatalyst on the rate of reduction of carbon dioxide. 3.1. Uncatalysed gas-diffusion electrodes Table 1 summarizes the performance data of some non-impregnated, PTFE-bonded, carbon

In this study, we have leveraged an electro-optic crystal, lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PIN-PMN-PT), to fabricate a high-quality …

In this study, multiple layers of Au and In are deposited directly on semiconductor wafers in one vacuum cycle to prevent indium oxidation and then bonded to substrates coated with Au. At 200°C the indium layer melts and dissolves the gold layers to form a mixture of liquid and solid. The diffusion process continues until the bond solidifies.

Dielectric properties and diffusion of ferroelectric phase transition in lead indium niobate: Ferroelectrics: Vol 108, No 1.

ferroelectric phase transition in lead indium niobate, Ferroelectrics, 108:1, 237-240 ... A very diffuse phase transition is observed in the whole measured temperature range and the dielectric ...

Polarization P-electric field E hysteresis loops in disorcered lead indium niobate(PIN) are, for the first time, observed. The value of its spontaneous polarization …

Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) coated with indium led to formate concentrations up to 76 mM and formation rates of 0.183 mmol cm−2 h−1, which was considerably superior to indium coatings on ...

gold-indium diffusion came with the need to define a 25-to 30-yr life for existing EBW devices (provided that satisfactory performance of these devices over such a period could be established). In reviewing the factors affecting detonator life, the possi ble bridgewire degradation from such diffusion was a prime unknown.

Fig. 7 — Indium-lead phase diagram. Indium and lead form an essentially miscible mix-ture that extends between the two melting points. Fig. 6 — Spread characteristics of indium and tin binary alloys on an ideal substrate, as a function of excess temperature abov e the melting point. Indium solders are appreciably less fluid than their tin ...

Combining single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the maximum entropy method, diffuse scattering, and theoretical calculations, here we report the direct …

In the operational temperature of the device exceeds 125°C, solid-state diffusion of the fold may occur, resulting in the growth of the AuIn IMC layer. In such cases, 80Au/20Sn or a high-lead alloy can be used instead, according to process or commercial constraints. Indium can be corroded by halides.

With the use of a JXA-3A microprobe the diffusion characteristics of indium in lead single crystals were determined in the temperature range from 160 to 200°C. For the temperature dependence of the heterodiffusion coefficient of indium in lead in dilute solid solution the relation. D = 33.exp {− (26.79 ± 0.76)/ RT } cm 2 /sec.

map of the indium atoms obtained from the APT measure-ments, and Figure 2d shows the same image with iso-concentration-surfaces44 at 0.4 atom % indium concentration. The indium concentration was calculated by [In counts]/[Ga counts + In counts]. For better visualization of the indium distribution near the TD, 10 nm thick slices in the y-direction

Ability to rapidly diffuse into certain metals, such as copper, silver, and lead for hardening. Low melting temperature (157°C) Low vapor pressure. Low oxide formation. Ability to wet …

For example, lead-indium can be plated directly over copper-lead. Although the indium will eventually diffuse through the overlay and into the copper-lead layer, the effects are not …

The dielectric properties of lead indium niobate ceramic studied as a function of both temperature and frequency indicate relaxor ferroelectric behavior with maximum dielectric constant of 4310 at 40 ο C for 1 kHz. Lowering of transition temperature and …

As a sequel to certain studies of ''fast diffusers'' in lead‐tin alloys, we have carried out a comparable program for lead‐indium alloys with silver, gold, and copper as mobile elements. It has been found that the addition of In greatly increased D Ag up to 60 times, but made the electromigration parameter Z * a,Ag more negative ...