The rare earths are 17 metallic elements, located in the middle of the periodic table (atomic numbers 21, 39, and 57–71). These metals have unusual fluorescent, conductive, and magnetic properties—which make …

One-Page Case Summaries WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries …

In a statement to reporters at the White House, Obama said the case seeks to force China to lift export limits on certain minerals known as rare earths. China produces 97% of all rare earths ...

One-Page Case Summaries WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries 1995–2020 2021 EDITION ... 432, 433 China – Rare Earths 187 DS435, 441, 458 and 467 Australia – Tobacco Plain Packaging 188 DS436 US – Carbon Steel (India) 189 DS437 US – Countervailing Measures (China) 190 US – Countervailing Measures (Article 21.5 - …

Published January 8, 2024. China announced a ban of rare earth extraction and separation technologies on December 21, 2023. This has significant implications for U.S. national, economic, and rare earth security. Rare earth elements—a group of 17 metals —are used in defense technologies, including missiles, lasers, vehicle-mounted systems ...

The United States and the EU have long been expected to file a WTO case against China's rare earth mineral export curbs, but appeared to be awaiting the outcome of a separate case against Beijing ...

19 Jul 2023. The poster child for concerns about weaponising trade is China's apparent …

Under the best-case scenario, consultations over the WTO case may help China and its trading partners resolve some of these tensions over rare earths resources and the technologies that use them.

Complaint by the United States. (See also DS432 and DS433) On 13 March 2012, the United States requested consultations with China with respect to China's restrictions on the export of various forms of rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum. The request refers to materials falling … See more

The poster child for concerns about weaponising trade is China's apparent refusal to ship Rare Earths to Japan in the third quarter of 2010. Drawing upon an analysis in the recently published Global Trade Alert report on critical raw materials, this column revisits the evidence about this salient episode. The findings highlight that in times of …

BEIJING (AP) — China has scrapped its export quotas for rare earths, …

Washington, D.C. – United States Trade Representative Michael Froman announced today that a World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement panel has agreed with the United States in a major …

Public Policy. Written By. Knowledge at Wharton Staff. "Rare earths" — a group of elements from the periodic table that are vital for many high-tech industries — are among the few natural resources that …

Stantec completed a high-level comparison of a 6.0 Mtpa alternative production rate and compared to the Base Case of 3.0 Mtpa to investigate the upside of the property in the case that a higher ...

Case Western Reserve University research aligns with Biden Administration order to increase domestic sources for metals—especially for clean-energy uses A Case Western Reserve scientist is working on a sustainable way to chemically transform so-called "rare earth" minerals into metals for renewable energy applications. If successful, the …

Essentially, the heavy rare earths are much less abundant than the light rare earths, and so the heavy ones sell for much higher prices. The value of an ore is thus determined largely by the proportion of heavy rare earths found within it. Monazite was the primary mineral mined to produce rare earth elements from the 1890s until the 1950s.

CHINA – RARE EARTHS1. (DS431, 432, 433) MEASURE AND PRODUCT AT ISSUE. …

Sensitivities of Base Case 3 Mtpa. As illustrated above, the project is most sensitive to Processing Capital and NdPr prices. At currently depressed spot prices ($54.60/kg) for NdPr, the project ...

1.1. Rare Earth Elements. Rare earth elements (REEs) [ 1 ], sometimes also referred to as rare earth metals (REMs) [ 2] as the basis for rare earth materials [ 3 ], are critical to producing high technology equipment [ 4] and for innovative technologies [ 5 ], often as alloys [ 6] or additives thereof [ 7 ], to achieve advanced material ...

Rare earths must be understood in light of their history and the beginnings of their extraction. ... When ignited in air, they burn to form La 2 O 3 (in the case of cerium, CeO 2), and some of the elements, such as terbium and …

Recent Developments in Industry and the WTO Case. NBR reunited two …

Altogether, total production is expected to increase to 164,000 tonnes by 2025 to meet the global demand for rare earths 34, which makes up the 'Base Case' sub-scenario for production in this ...

In this way, the extraction of rare earths (dysprosium and lanthanum) using a selective extractant (Cyanex® 572) with microdroplet generation under different operating conditions has been used as a case study due to its particular industrial interest [31]. Download : Download high-res image (299KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. 1.

Rare earths are critical components to many technologies that drive the modern world. Though rare earths are present in most parts of the world, they are produced mostly in China because of a confluence …

China has dominated the market for rare earth elements, but US scientists and companies are scrambling to catch up. By. Mureji Fatunde. January 5, 2024. US-based Noveon Magnetics extracts ...

Sensitivities of Base Case 3 Mtpa. As illustrated above, the project is most sensitive to Processing Capital and NdPr prices. At currently depressed spot prices ($54.60/kg) for NdPr, the project ...

raw materials for electric mobility: the case of rare earths Marc Schmid* Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Economics, Große Steinstraße 73, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Abstract Critical raw materials (CRMs) are crucial for the transformation towards low carbon mobility. However, their production is often highly

The Case For Non-Chinese Rare Earths. Due to their unique physical and magnetic properties, rare earth minerals like neodymium and praseodymium ("NdPr") are critically important to modern-day ...

Measure at issue: Export restrictions on a number of rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum. The export restrictions comprised export duties, export quotas, and certain limitations on the enterprises permitted to export the products. Products at issue: Various forms of rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum. SUMMARY OF KEY PANEL/AB …

Washington, D.C. – United States Trade Representative Michael Froman announced today that a World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement panel has agreed with the United States in a major dispute, finding in favor of U.S. claims that China's imposition of export restraints on rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum breach WTO …

In standing up for American workers and businesses, the United States won a World …

As a result of government interventions, non-Chinese sources now account for roughly 60 per cent of Japan's spending on rare earths according to the UN trade database, compared with less than 20 per cent in 2010. (There are few accurate figures for a trade characterised by secrecy and smuggling.) 24.

Rare earth elements (REEs) may seem obscure, but they have become indispensable to the modern economy. Rare earths are critical inputs in everything from smartphones and defense systems to electric vehicles and offshore wind turbines. With burgeoning demand and strained supply, REEs present a compelling strategic case for …

Exports: Chinese exports of rare earths have declined. The country exported 20,987 metric tonnes in the first five months of 2023, down 4.4 per cent year-on-year, Chinese customs data showed ...

The context comes from the concerned restrictions that led to the China – Raw Materials and China - Rare Earths cases at the WTO. Much of the literature has been focusing on systemic linkages ...

This commentary analyses the decision rendered by the Dispute Settlement Body in the China-Rare Earths Case. It explains how the textualist reading given by the Appellate Body could not look into the corresponding GATT regulation, while interpreting the Accession Protocol of China. It argues that this erroneous decision is a result of the DSB ...