The first major news stories of the environmental and social devastation caused by rare earth mining in China circulated in Anglophone media in 2009 (Margonelli 2009).Images of massive tailings ponds into which pipes belched mineral and chemical slurries against an industrial skyline in northern China were published alongside photos …

1. Introduction. Rare earth elements (REEs) include the lanthanide series of the periodic table from atomic number of 57 to 71 starting with lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu) and including scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y). They are in short supply internationally with domination by China in production and trade.

Rare earths are used in the renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines, batteries, catalysts and electric cars. Current mining, processing and sustainability aspects have been described ...

The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element.

The Department of Defense (DoD) awarded a $35 million contract to MP Materials Corp. (MP) of Las Vegas, Nevada to design and build a facility to process heavy rare earth elements (HREE) at the ...

Rare earth elements resources production, consumption, and processing activities are significantly uneven around the world. Global production of REOs (210,000 of 300,000 tons in 2022) is dominated by China (70%), followed by U.S. (14%), and Australia (4%) (Fig. 1; USGS, 2023).China also has a dominant share of global REOs processing …

Elements such as rare-earth metals are crucial for the clean-energy transition. Sustainability, equity and security are all at risk in the rush to break China's dominance over their production.

How are they acquired? Mining? • Mining – Surface or underground operations with associated surface tailings, impoundments, and processing facilities, …

For optical and phosphor-grade materials, where purities of 5 to 6 nines are required, the individual rare-earth element is initially purified by solvent extraction up to about 99.9 …

In 2021, the world mined 280,000 metric tons of rare earths — roughly 32 times as much as was mined in the mid-1950s. And demand is only going to increase. By 2040, experts estimate, we'll ...

The rare earth deposit in the North T Zone has a radius of between 150 to 200 metres, according to the project's chief geologist, Chris Pederson. "It's not going to be spiraled down like other ...

35 Citations. 71 Altmetric. Metrics. Abstract. Heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) such as Gd–Lu, Sc and Y are irreplaceable metals for a number of critical …

Rare earths are used in the renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines, batteries, catalysts and electric cars. Current mining, processing and sustainability aspects have been described in this paper. Rare earth availability is undergoing a temporary decline due mainly to quotas being imposed by the Chinese …

The Government of Saskatchewan and SRC are excited to announce the development of a Rare Earth Processing Facility - the first-of-its-kind in Canada - laying the foundation for a Rare Earth Element (REE) supply chain in Saskatchewan and forming an industry model for future commercial REE resource expansion in the province. Read the News Release.

For every ton of rare earth produced, the mining process yields 13kg of dust, 9,600-12,000 cubic meters of waste gas, 75 cubic meters of wastewater, and one ton of radioactive residue. This stems from the fact that rare earth element ores have metals that, when mixed with leaching pond … See more

The term rare earth elements is used to describe 17 metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanide chemical elements, as well as scandium and yttrium. Rare-earth oxides, clockwise from top centre ...

The Defense Department awarded MP Materials a $35 million contract in February 2022 to build a facility specifically designed to process heavy rare earth elements at the Mountain Pass mine. Sloustcher said the heavy rare earths will be refined in a different building, adding that the project is just getting started.

The fund is down 8.8% year to date as of Aug. 18. The most popular rare-earth fund is the VanEck Rare Earth/Strategic Metals ETF ( REMX ), which has an expense ratio of 0.54%, has been around ...

9. Aclara Resources (TSX:ARA.TO) Aclara Resources is amongst the largest rare earth companies in the world, with a current market cap amounting to $91.405 million. This REE mining company is based ...

Towards sustainable rare-earth-element mining. Henning Prommer. Nature Sustainability 6, 13–14 ( 2023) Cite this article. 1041 Accesses. 5 Citations. 1 …

Some rare earth elements (REEs) are classified under critical materials, i.e., essential in use and subject to supply risk, due to their increasing demand, monopolistic supply, and environmentally ...

Rare earth element recovery from acidic extracts of Florida phosphate mining materials using chelating polymer 1-octadecene, polymer with 2,5-furandione sodium salt Minerals, 9 ( 477 ) ( 2019 ), pp. 1 - 10, 10.3390/min9080477

Industry innovators, however, are tapping coal and its waste streams to extract rare earths, 17 essential elements to realizing an electrified economy.Mining them can be challenging as materials ...

This paper presents results on the characterization and hydrometallurgical studies for the recovery of Rare Earth Elements (REE) from micro-granite type hard rock REE deposit of Bhatikheda, Siwana ...

Obtaining rare earth elements begins with obtaining source materials, which can happen, broadly, in three ways: primary extraction, or mining directly from the …

The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the Earth's crust at 60 parts per million, to thulium and lutetium, the least abundant rare-earth elements at about 0. ...

The growing demand for Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in various high-tech industries has led to a re-evaluation of global supply chains. This chapter explores the innovative concept of urban mining, a practice that seeks to recycle REEs from electronic waste and obsolete devices. By doing so, urban mining not only mitigates the …

China has dominated the market for rare earth elements, but US scientists and companies are scrambling to catch up. By. Mureji Fatunde. January 5, 2024. US-based Noveon Magnetics extracts ...

MP Materials says that the new U.S.-based rare-earth supply chain it is building will be greener than its counterparts in Asia, where the mining and processing of rare earths have created ...

To meet US annual needs for rare earth elements, roughly 71.5 million tonnes of raw ore would be required to extract 10,000 kilograms of elements.