This chapter discusses the history, abundance, distribution, and extraction of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. With the exception of actinium, which is …

Overview. The rare earth elements (REEs) are comprised of the lanthanide elements plus scandium and yttrium, which have similar physical properties and are often found in the same ores and deposits. Specifically, REEs include the light REEs (LREEs) such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, and the heavy …

Rare-earth elements include scandium, yttrium and the 15 lanthanides found towards the bottom of the periodic table. Their unique optical and magnetic properties are used in various high-tech ...

The thermal decompositions of yttrium(III) propionate monohydrate (Y(C2H5CO2)3·H2O) and yttrium(III) butyrate dihydrate (Y(C3H7CO2)3·2H2O) were studied in argon by means of thermogravimetry ...

Import value of rare earth-metals worldwide in 2022, by country. Published by Statista Research Department, Dec 20, 2023. Japan is the world's leading importing country of scandium and yttrium ...

Introduction. Lanthanides (elements 57–71) are fairly abundant in the earth's crust, despite their historic characterization as rare earth elements.Thulium, the rarest naturally occurring lanthanoid, is more common in the earth's crust than silver (4.5 × 10 −5 % versus 0.79 × 10 −5 % by mass). There are 17 rare earth elements, consisting of the …

Scandium and yttrium are elements in Group IIIA (3) of the Periodic Table, usually placed above La (or Lu). Their treatment is frequently grouped with the lanthanides in textbooks …

Scientists and engineers disagree on exactly which element should be included in a list of the rare earths, but they generally include the fifteen lanthanide elements, plus scandium and yttrium. Despite their name, the rare earths aren't actually rare with respect to abundance in the Earth's crust. The exception is promethium, a …

When studying the Ln and the actinides, scandium is considered "probably the least-studied element in the fourth period" (Cotton, 1991). In one of the proposed …

include almost all "abnormal" ones found in the body of man in appreciable amounts. METHODS Random-bred white Swiss mice of the ... scandium 0.2," yttrium 0.3,4 gallium < 0.25,5 indium < 0.05,5 rhodium < l.O,5 palladium < 0.25.5 Hexavalent chromium was not measured. The basal drinking

Rare earth metals are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table and include scandium, yttrium, cerium, and lanthanum. Small concentrations of these metals are a crucial ingredient in the manufacture of a wide range of high-technology products, including wind turbines, iPhones, industrial magnets, and the batteries used in hybrid cars.

Heterocyclopentadienyl complexes of group-3 metals (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanides, and uranium) are compounds in which one or more −CH units of a cyclopentadienyl-like ligand ...

These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table plus scandium and yttrium. Rare earth elements are an essential part of many high-tech devices. The U.S. …

Scandium is residually concentrated in soils and typically reaches concentrations between about 1 and 10 ppm (e.g., Jeske and Gworek 2013).Coal can contain significant Sc. Average Sc concentrations in a wide variety of coals from Asia range from 0.85 to 16.0 ppm, with an overall average of 4.3 ppm and a maximum value of 230 …

Marks, Tobin Jay; Ernst, R. D. / Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanides and Actinidesprehensive Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 3 Elsevier Inc, 2006. pp. 173-270

Other uses for scandium include analytical standards, electronics, high-intensity metal halide lamps, lasers, metallurgical research and oil-well tracers. Demand for scandium increased slightly in 2012. Global scandium consumption was estimated to be less than 10 ... Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium ...

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of scandium and yttrium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains …

The group 3 (or 3B) transition metals include scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. Except for actinium, the group 3 elements are relatively abundant, with a natural abundance on the order of that of metals such as cobalt and nickel. You may also hear lutetium or lawrencium counted as group 3 metals.

Scandium, rhenium, rare earth elements, yttrium, selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium were mined in pilot tests as by-products of uranium extraction. ISR of gold, copper, nickel, rare earth elements and scandium has been successfully developed over recent years. The paper discusses other commodities that have potential to be mined …

Scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and the 15 lanthanides belong to group 3 in the periodic table of elements; the main chemical properties are similar to those of lanthanum. ... The rare earths include ...

Rare earth elements (REEs) that include 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium are a special class of elements due to their remarkable qualities such as magnetism, corrosion resistance, luminescence, and electroconductivity. Over the last few decades, the implication of REEs in agriculture has increased substantially, which was …

U.S. Geological Survey news release "Going Critical". The rare earth elements (REE) are a set of seventeen metallic elements. These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table plus scandium and yttrium. …

The 17 rare-earth elements include yttrium, scandium and 15 lanthanides (the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71). They have become indispensible in the manufacturing of cell ...

Most chemists also include lanthanum in the series because, although it does not fill the 4f subshell, its properties are very much like those of the lanthanides. The elements scandium and yttrium are also known as the "rare earths" because they were originally discovered together with the lanthanides in rare minerals and isolated as …

The primary aim of this review is to collect together information on the solution thermochemistry of the trihalides of the lanthanides 1, yttrium, and scandium.There is a meager amount of published work relating to nonaqueous solvents, rather than more relating to aqueous solutions.

Scandium and yttrium, like all other ions, complexes, or compounds, are toxic in excess. ... Mechanisms of metal toxicity may include enzyme inhibition, indirect effects (i.e., binding to cofactors, vitamins and substrates), substitution for essential metals, and metal imbalance (Pounds, 1985) and may involve as well such issues as cation and ...

The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the Earth's crust at 60 parts per million, to thulium and …

The rare earths, or rare earth elements (REE), are a relatively abundant group of elements consisting of scandium, yttrium, and the 15 elements of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Scandium (Sc) is the lightest rare earth element. Scandium is present in crustal rocks in amounts … See more

The most abundant REEs are cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium. Properties of Rare Earth Elements Rare earth elements have several unique properties that make them essential for modern ...

The 17 rare-earth elements include yttrium, scandium and 15 lanthanides (the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71). They have become …

The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element.

Yttrium has very similar properties to the later lanthanides, but scandium is significantly smaller. Although the first 3d metal, scandium is not a transition metal, but has significantly different properties, partly on account of its slightly greater size, forming complexes with higher coordination numbers (e.g. the aqua ion [Sc(H 2 O) 7] 3 ...

3 Citations. Abstract. Yttrium has major similarities to scandium and also to the lanthanides (Ln). Their treatment together and comparing their chemical and physical …

Data deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) for compounds of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lutetium(III) have been analysed to assess the structural similarities of complexes of the different metal ions. 29 sets of compounds of Sc, Y, La and Lu where at least three of the elements form compounds with the same …