The Rio Doce basin is within the Brazilian Iron Quadrangle, a region rich in rocks such as itabirites with highly concentrated ores of Fe, Mn, and Al and where mining activity (e.g., iron, gold, bauxite, and manganese) is of great economic importance (ANA, 2020, de Rodrigues et al., 2014, Silva et al., 2017). In 2015, the Rio Doce estuary was ...