Nanomaterials are usually in the range of 1–100 nm at least one dimension. 27 GCNMs are made up of sp 2-hybridised carbon atoms and roughly divided into several subgroups according to classification by dimensionality, such as zero-, one-, and two-dimensional (0-D, 1-D, and 2-D) GCNM (shown in Fig. 1), and so on. 0-D form of GCNMs …